Dr. Mufid Shehab was known for being part of the Mubarak regime, and was investigated after the overthrown of Mubarak, but was found not guilty. He disappeared for years, but returned after the crisis of Tiran and Sanafir to assure that the two islands belong to the Saudi Arabia. Several Egyptians couldn’t accept this knowing that Egypt lost many soldiers to liberate the two islands. They found PhD thesis supervised by dr. Shihab assuring that the two islands are Egyptian.

Egypt has always been under the control of a superpower. Muhammad Ali in the early nineteenth century admired the western civilization and decided to make Cairo like France. Khedive Ismail even named her France of the East. His successors followed this rule for a while until Egypt was occupied by Britain and became an English colony. Egypt embraced the European culture until the military coup on July 23, 1952. Abdel Nasser had intense hostility to the West and decided to put an end to such relation.

Cunning of Sadat cost him dearly as well as the homeland. Most of his retinue supported him without even thinking. He took office in 1970, and witnessed the great 1971 Constitution which stated that the presidential term is 6 years for only two sessions. This means he had to hand over the presidency in 1982. However, Sadat was hoping to rule forever. Therefore, he decided to use the religion to achieve his goal. He amended the second article of the Constitution to state that the Islamic Sharia is the main source of legislation.

October War was a great achievement by great leaders including Major General Saad El Shazly Chief of Army Staff and Maj. Gen. Abdul Ghani Gamassi, director of operations for the Egyptian military. Wars are usually led all over the world by chief of army staff, but in Egypt the president is considered the supreme commander of the army. Not only is the president entitled to set the general plans, but also to take care of the details instead of the Chief of Staff. In Egypt, the defense minister is called the general commander of the Army.

Since Sadat took office in 1970, he was actively seeking to take Egypt away from the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union to follow the policies of the United States of America. He was also said to have contacts with the American inelegance since the early sixties. Sadat used to say that 99% of the solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict is in the hands of America, which is not true as Israel is an independent state. Israel needs America and vice versa. The relationship between them is based on equality. The relationship between Egypt and Russia in the era of Nasser was excellent based on friendship and cooperation. The Russians are eastern people who love Egypt very much. They helped Egypt a lot in the military and industrial areas as well as in the building of the High Dam.

On October 6, 1981, former President Sadat was assassinated in the memory of the victory of October 1973. Anwar Sadat is indeed one of the most controversial presidents in Egypt. His life and death involved a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction. His assassination operation was very successful that you may think international organizations were behind his death. His policies moved Egypt from socialism to capitalism. He also moved Egypt from subordination of the Soviet Union to the absolute loyalty to America.

January 25 will remain milestone and a major turning point in the history of Egypt, even if many people refuse to name it a revolution and even a conspiracy. Millions of Egyptian people demonstrated in the streets proving the popularity and credibility of the revolution. It has great effect on all levels including religion that it led to the end of the religious era in Egypt, where religion dominated all aspects of Egyptian life since the mid-seventies. President Sadat encouraged the religious currents in Egypt aiming to eliminate the leftist, communists and Nasserites, pleasing to the American party.