President Barack Obama, meanwhile, led the nation in a moment of silence Monday morning as flags across the country flew at half-staff to honor the victims. While the Supreme Court rarely alters its public sessions, it observed the occasion by convening 10 minutes early to ensure that first arguments were completed before the moment of silence.
"All of us are still grieving and in shock from the tragedy that took place," Obama said at the White House. We are "pulling together as a country."
Debate has swirled around the question of whether Saturday's massacre was partly the consequence of what many observers characterize as a trend of increasingly toxic political rhetoric.
Another member of Congress, Illinois Democratic Rep. Danny Davis, received a threatening e-mail over the weekend, according to Ira Cohen, Davis' press secretary. Davis' office filed a report with Capitol Hill police, Cohen said.
In his first public statement since the weekend shooting rampage outside the Arizona supermarket, Giffords' husband thanked supporters and expressed condolences to the families of other victims.
"Many of you have offered help. There is little that we can do but pray for those who are struggling," wrote astronaut Mark Kelly. "If you are inspired to make a positive gesture, consider two organizations that Gabby has long valued and supported: Tucson's Community Food Bank and the American Red Cross."
Giffords, who was shot through the left hemisphere of her brain with a 9 mm pistol, is currently in a medically induced coma in order to minimize discomfort, according to Dr. Michael Lemole Jr., chief of neurosurgery at University Medical Center.
"I'm happy to say she's holding her own," Lemole told CNN Monday. She is "functioning at a high level."
"We're not out of the woods yet" but are optimistic about her prospects of recovery, he later added at a news conference. Lemole noted that potentially dangerous brain swelling typically peaks roughly three days after a person is shot in the head.
We "can breathe a collective sigh of relief after about the third or fourth day" he said.
Doctors removed part of Giffords' skull during surgery in order to keep the brain from pressing against it if it swells, but the bullet's front-to-back trajectory did not do as much damage as a shot that crossed from one hemisphere to the other would have, Lemole noted earlier.
The next big milestone for Giffords, Lemole told CNN, will come when doctors decide her condition has improved to the point that breathing tubes can be removed. That will be "a huge step forward," he said.
Doctors noted earlier that Giffords has been following simple commands, and a longtime adviser said Sunday he was confident she would survive her wound.
"The doctors are pretty clear that we just have to wait and see," Mike McNulty said. But he added, "I can only think that God has more important things planned for her in the future."
Meanwhile, Pima County Sheriff Clarence Dupnik said Monday morning that the investigation was "winding down," and that authorities have evidence that suspect Loughner specifically targeted the congresswoman.
"He's a very troubled individual," he said.
Giffords, a three-term Democrat, was among the 20 people shot at her constituent open house Saturday. Federal authorities have leveled murder and attempted murder charges at Loughner, a former community college student who posted online screeds about government mind control.
Authorities have said the federal charges Loughner faces include two counts of murder, two counts of attempted murder and one count of attempting to kill a member of Congress -- all stemming from the shootings of federal employees at the scene. One member of Giffords' staff was killed and two more were wounded. The gunfire also claimed the life of a federal district judge, John Roll.
State prosecutors also could bring charges in the remaining cases.
Loughner had railed against government "mind control" and illiteracy in online missives and had "kind of a troubled past," Dupnik said. The suspect was not talking and had invoked his right against self-incrimination, he said.
A federal public defender known for handling high-profile cases, Judy Clarke, has been appointed to represent Loughner, a federal judicial source told CNN. Clarke previously defended the "Unabomber," Ted Kaczynski, and assisted in the case of confessed al Qaeda operative Zacarias Moussaoui.
Court documents released Sunday show that investigators found a letter from Giffords in a safe at the house where Loughner lived with his parents, thanking him for attending a similar 2007 event.
"Also recovered in the safe was an envelope with handwriting on the envelope stating 'I planned ahead,' and 'my assassination' and the name 'Giffords,' along with what appears to be Loughner's signature," the affidavit states.
A law enforcement official said Loughner asked Giffords a question at the 2007 event and was unhappy with her response. "He never let it go," the source said. "It kept festering."
The source did not know the nature of Loughner's question.
The law enforcement official said earlier that investigators are interviewing "anyone, everyone, we can." Loughner's parents were cooperative when interviewed, the official said.
Investigators have not found anything connecting Loughner to extremist groups, the official said. They believe Loughner was unemployed at the time of the shooting, according to the official.
Months before Saturday's shooting rampage, one of Loughner's former teachers at Pima Community College said he saw Loughner as a threat and kicked him out of class.
Loughner was "physically removed" from an algebra course in June -- less than a month after it began -- instructor Ben McGahee told CNN.
Loughner voluntarily withdrew from the school in October after being suspended, the college said in a statement. McGahee said Loughner sometimes shook, blurted things out in class and appeared to be under the influence of drugs at times.
"I was scared of what he could do," McGahee said. "I wasn't scared of him physically, but I was scared of him bringing a weapon to class."
The 9 mm pistol used in Saturday's shootings was purchased at a gun store in November, FBI Director Robert Mueller told reporters Sunday. And a law enforcement source said the suspect tried to buy ammunition at a Walmart store, but was turned down because of his behavior. Another Walmart store later sold him the ammunition, the source said.
When Loughner tried to enlist in the Army in 2008, the service rejected him for reasons it says it can't disclose due to privacy laws. But an administration official told CNN on Sunday that the suspect had failed a drug test.
In addition to Roll, the dead from Saturday's massacre includes Gabe Zimmerman, 30, a Giffords staffer who was engaged to be married; Dorwin Stoddard, 76, who was fatally shot in the head while trying to shield his wife; Dorothy Morris, 76; Phyllis Schneck, 79; and a 9-year-old girl, Christina Taylor Green, who was born on September 11, 2001.
Giffords won her third term in November in a closely contested race against a Tea Party-backed Republican candidate. She was one of three Democratic legislators who reported vandalism at their offices following the March passage of the Obama administration's sweeping health-care law, and Dupnik suggested Saturday night that "vitriolic rhetoric" in political debates could have deadly consequences.
"When you look at unbalanced people, how they respond to the vitriol that comes out of certain mouths about tearing down the government, the anger, the hatred, the bigotry that goes on in this county is getting to be outrageous. Unfortunately, Arizona, I think, has become sort of the capital," he said. "We have become the mecca for prejudice and bigotry."
The debate kicked off by Dupnik's remarks spilled over onto the talk-show circuit Sunday morning, where several lawmakers called for cooling the language of politics.
Democratic and Republican lawmakers also had a rare bipartisan conference call Sunday to discuss Giffords' condition and security concerns for members of Congress.
Rep. Robert Brady, D-Pennsylvania, said he will introduce legislation making it a federal crime for a person to use language or symbols that could be perceived as threatening or inciting violence against a member of Congress or a federal official.
Following the shootings, all legislation on the House schedule for the coming week was postponed, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor said. The decision was made by leaders of both parties and means the House will not vote this week on the repeal of health care reform.
Democratic Whip Steny H. Hoyer said lawmakers will consider at least one resolution on the House floor Wednesday honoring Giffords and those who were killed in Saturday's attack.
