Democracy is an invention of humanity just as the telephone is. The basic difference between the two inventions is that democracy has not developed for hundreds of years, whereas the telephone has evolved in form and function several times since its recent invention. The world today is witnessing increasing demands to develop the invention of democracy (among many other human inventions). Ancient Greece – the city of Athens specifically – owns the intellectual property rights for the invention of democracy. It was there that democracy was first exercised directly when all citizens were invited to meet in the large city plaza in order to deal with various matters and make decisions.

The Algerian Revolution, or the War of Independence in the 1950s and the early 1960s, was a great inspiration for Arab revolutionaries and nationalists, including the Egyptian generation I belong to. It was a golden era of fighting for independence, freedom and national dignity. For this, the Algerian people set an example in sacrifice rarely seen in modern Arab history.

My relationship with the 1919 Revolution is somewhat strange. The 7 March, marking its anniversary, also happens to be my birthday. On that day 28 years before my birth, Egypt s historic leader Saad Zaghloul and his comrades were sent into exile. The second time I met with the 1919 Revolution was in the office of the late Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, then chief editor of Al-Ahram. Heikal asked me to lay out a book entitled “Fifty Years Since the 1919 Revolution”.

Ahmed Zuwail, Nobel laureate for chemistry for 1999, said to me that “It is the matter of the human being and the place.” Our discussion was about the dichotomy of humans and development. Then Dr Zuwail narrated this short story: He was on a visit to Malaysia and he met Prime Minister Mahatir Mohamad. The latter explained to him his vision of human beings and the economy based upon his experience. He said, It has become impossible to redesign our country without replanning the society. It was imperative that we put a limit to social disparity and religious and ethnic differences. It was also imperative that the Malaysian ethnicities feel equality in a civilised country that works for the good of all its citizens. It was so essential that everybody is filled with the power of hope. The objective behind the decision to construct the Petronas Towers, the highest skyscraper in the world at the time, was that every Malaysian could be certain that we are dead serious in starting out. Our ultimate goal was that Malaysians don t look downwards to the conflict between ethnicities and religions, but look upwards to this towering height where hope lies. The objective wasn t that the Malaysian building reach the sky, but that Malaysians thought to arrive there.

Three weeks ago, in this column, I wrote about the significance of the venue with regard to talks between US President Donald Trump and North Korean President Kim Jong-Un in Hanoi. I also suggested that the place — Hanoi — would set the course for the negotiating process itself. The North Vietnamese capital was once a symbol of defiance against US imperialism while, for Washington, it was a symbol of communist expansion in democratic countries or in countries in the US orbit.

The March 2019 issue of Al-Malaf Al-Masry, a monthly publication issued by the Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, examines the issue of housing and urban development in Egypt from legal, social and economic perspectives. Anyone living in Egypt is aware that the housing and real-estate sectors have come to dominate the economy. Moreover, many of the governments development plans hinge on the creation of new cities and urban developments such as the New Administrative Capital and the New Alamein City.

Jared Kushner, senior adviser to US President Donald Trump, has recently concluded a visit to five countries in the Arab Gulf plus Turkey to discuss and present part of his long-awaited Israel-Palestine peace process plan. While the details of the plan remain a tightly held secret, Kushner s decision to visit Oman, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey might give an indication as to what s included in the so-called “deal of the century”. Considering Trump s many internal troubles, the deeply divided US political scene and the latest failed summit with North Korea, the White House is looking for a major international breakthrough. Nothing could distract attention from increasing Democratic calls to impeach Trump than an announcement that the Palestinians and the Israelis are close to achieving a deal, a feat that no previous US administration managed to achieve. However, facts on the ground indicate this is nearly mission impossible.

Over the past few years, the month of March has increasingly become the month of women, their issues, their rights, or maybe the lack of them, as well as of Egyptian Mothers Day. The month of March also marks the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere. While spring in some countries means nicer weather, longer days, shorter nights, flowers blooming and birds singing, in others it can mean sandstorms, changeable weather and the early heat of summer.

The official discourse on human rights is still far from providing the correct answers to the questions raised internationally on the human rights file in Egypt. The campaign against the government, following the court ruling sentencing nine defendants to death over assassinating the former Attorney General, focused on accusing the Egyptian authorities of extracting confessions of committing this crime under torture. Reports from human rights organizations and foreign newspapers and some shy statements by European leaders (other than front row leaders) were speaking about unfair trials. In fact, the answers provided at the Arab-European summit in Sharm el-Sheikh or through the media outlets were out of context and did not try to counter this accusation with legal and political responses. These answers seemed to reject the value of human rights in principle, so some interpreted it as if Egypt says that our values and culture allow and justify torture and execution without fair trials, which is not true.

History will probably write 2016 in bold with a double underline, because that year occasioned two events that had major repercussions throughout the world. The first was the British decision to leave the EU initiating the process known as Brexit. The second was the election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States. In the first case, there was a plebiscite giving people the choice to leave or remain in the EU and the people chose the former. In the second case, people were given the choice between a businessman who had never held public office in his life, nor was even a prominent member of the Republican Party, which chose him as its candidate, and Hillary Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, former secretary of state and former senator from New York. In short, a celebrity of the US political establishment. The people chose Trump. You won t find a country more practised in the exercise of democracy than Britain or the US, or that have all the prerequisites of advanced, industrialised, educated nations that espouse open-mindedness and humanitarian values, a willingness to compromise and an aversion to polarising extremes.

Once again and in a little less than a month the US organisation Human Rights Watch (HRW) has placed itself on a collision course with the Egyptian government and judiciary over capital punishment for convicted terrorists. The US-based organisation has criticised the death sentences passed on nine members of the Muslim Brotherhood, carried out in February, as a result of their conviction for the assassination of late Egyptian attorney-general Hisham Barakat in June 2015.

The future of the Arab-Euro relationship, following the first EU-Arab League summit, will boil down to whether both sides see the Mediterranean as a bridge or a barrier between them. Bridge means enhanced trading, legislative and regulatory coordination, new thinking about migration across the Mediterranean, and security arrangements based on both averting the threats of radicalism and militancy, as well as increasing understanding of each other s value systems (and how often they are different from the other).

The first ever summit between the Arab League and the European Union (EU) can be hailed as a success for allowing an interactive dialogue between Arab and European heads of states and governments to take place behind closed doors, away from the TV cameras and instant press coverage. And the attendance of so many senior officials — heads of state, prime ministers and ministers — stands as testimony to the importance both Europe and the Arab world attach to such dialogue.

It is possible that President Donald Trump never suspected this, but among his many, yet never-acknowledged, talents is that of being a novelist. A novelist in the Latin American tradition of magic, or magical realism. Magical realism is a style of fiction writing that combines a realistic view of the modern world while also adding some magical elements. Writer and literature professor Matthew Strecher defined magical realism as “what happens when a highly detailed, realistic setting is invaded by something too strange to believe.” Magical realism has been often associated with Latin American authors such as Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel García Márquez, and Isabel Allende. Now President Donald Trump has joined the rank of these illustrious authors. His assertion that there is a serious national crisis at the US s southern border with Mexico seems to challenge reality, making it too strange to believe.

During discussions with Egyptian young people, both men and women living inside or outside of Egypt, I have been surprised to find that the vast majority do not know that the choice of 21 February as World Student Day has its roots in the modern history of Egypt and the Egyptian student movement that served the struggle of the Egyptian people for national liberation and independence. This goes back to the post-World War II period, but one should also recall that Egyptian students played an influential and effective role in Egypt s struggle to achieve national independence throughout the earlier 20th century.

Apart from the most controversial amendments proposed to the current constitution, which some of its articles have not been implemented yet, the issue of an electoral quota has been raised in this regard. The first suggestion is to amend Article 102 to provide women with a quarter of the seats in the House of Representatives, instead of the provision in the current constitution stipulating equitable representation of women. The second suggested amendment in this regard is to amend articles 243 and 244 to stipulate appropriate representation for the following six categories: workers / farmers / youth / Christians / people with disabilities / Egyptian expats. This is instead of the stipulation in the current constitution that they should only be properly represented in the present House of Representatives. In general, many see the suggested amendment to include the seven quotas as a temptation for them to agree to the constitutional amendments, whether in parliament or during the constitutional referendum. In any case, the quota proposal raises several things:

We have previously spoken, in this column, of the fissures that are cleaving Europe and the Western camp in general. It would take too long to explain them all, especially given that they are multiplying and deepening and, moreover, spreading from the realm of international relations to the realm of domestic politics. One only has to look at the effects of Brexit inside Britain and the impact of Trump s insistence on a wall at the border of Mexico on politics in Congress and in the US where the splintering is mounting between the states and the political parties and the media.

The leaders of the Arab League and the European Union (EU) will hold their first summit on 24 and 25 February in Sharm El-Sheikh to bring their positions together on a wide range of regional and international issues, ranging from the conflicts in Syria, Libya and Yemen, the Middle East Peace Process, terrorism, and irregular immigration in the Mediterranean to investment in the Arab world, multilateralism and climate change. European leaders, however, arrive at the summit with a top priority in mind, which is curbing irregular immigration across the Mediterranean Sea.

US President Donald Trump delivered his second State of the Union address last Tuesday, 5 February, almost a week after it was originally scheduled. The postponement was due to the shutdown of the federal government, unprecedented in its duration. Never before has the federal government remained paralysed for 35 days. What a difference a year makes in American politics. SOTU 2019 was delivered in front of a House of Representatives under a Democratic majority thanks to the results of the midterm elections in November that resulted in a divided government in Washington.

The educated young man said: “We know that you support the issues of women and young people throughout your life, and we have some questions about your position.” I said: “Bring it on.” He said: “Do you agree to give women exceptional rights to set a quota in the parliament and local councils?” I said: “I agree with what the world has called positive discrimination and that women take their natural place after centuries of negative discrimination against them. In a fair race, women cannot start at a later point than men because of a culture that has spread through generations, and we think that they will compete fairly. Positive discrimination is a duty but for a certain period of time.”